CtMh

WAN Problem Areas Certification Objectives Point-to-Point Protocols Switched Protocols      In this chapter, we will discuss troubleshooting point-to-point and switched protocols. It’s very important to understand the concepts and functionality of each protocol. We will discuss the HDLC and SDLC encapsulation methods, as well as both CHAP and PAP authentications via PPP. We will identify ISDN, Frame Relay, X.25, SMDS, and ATM transmissions and common problems associated with each of them. Point-to-Point Protocol      In the 1980s, the Internet really started to come to life due to its usage by the U.S. government, universities, and large corporations. These hosts were being supported by the Internet Protocol (IP) and connected via a series of LANs. The most common of these LANs was the Ethernet. Other hosts were connected through WANs, using technologies such as X.25. This eventually evolved into the need to transmit data via the original method used before networking was ever establis